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    <h3>Editing: phpyLang.php</h3>
    <textarea name="content" rows="20" cols="80">&lt;?php

///////////////////////////////
/// Utility regex constants ///
///////////////////////////////

const LIB = '(?(DEFINE)
    (?&lt;singleQuotedString&gt;\'[^\\\\\']*+(?:\\\\.[^\\\\\']*+)*+\')
    (?&lt;doubleQuotedString&gt;&quot;[^\\\\&quot;]*+(?:\\\\.[^\\\\&quot;]*+)*+&quot;)
    (?&lt;string&gt;(?&amp;singleQuotedString)|(?&amp;doubleQuotedString))
    (?&lt;comment&gt;/\*[^*]*+(?:\*(?!/)[^*]*+)*+\*/)
    (?&lt;code&gt;\{[^\'&quot;/{}]*+(?:(?:(?&amp;string)|(?&amp;comment)|(?&amp;code)|/)[^\'&quot;/{}]*+)*+})
)';

const PARAMS = '\[(?&lt;params&gt;[^[\]]*+(?:\[(?&amp;params)\][^[\]]*+)*+)\]';
const ARGS   = '\((?&lt;args&gt;[^()]*+(?:\((?&amp;args)\)[^()]*+)*+)\)';

///////////////////////////////
/// Preprocessing functions ///
///////////////////////////////

function preprocessGrammar($code) {
    $code = resolveNodes($code);
    $code = resolveMacros($code);
    $code = resolveStackAccess($code);

    return $code;
}

function resolveNodes($code) {
    return preg_replace_callback(
        '~\b(?&lt;name&gt;[A-Z][a-zA-Z_\\\\]++)\s*' . PARAMS . '~',
        function($matches) {
            // recurse
            $matches['params'] = resolveNodes($matches['params']);

            $params = magicSplit(
                '(?:' . PARAMS . '|' . ARGS . ')(*SKIP)(*FAIL)|,',
                $matches['params']
            );

            $paramCode = '';
            foreach ($params as $param) {
                $paramCode .= $param . ', ';
            }

            return 'new ' . $matches['name'] . '(' . $paramCode . 'attributes())';
        },
        $code
    );
}

function resolveMacros($code) {
    return preg_replace_callback(
        '~\b(?&lt;!::|-&gt;)(?!array\()(?&lt;name&gt;[a-z][A-Za-z]++)' . ARGS . '~',
        function($matches) {
            // recurse
            $matches['args'] = resolveMacros($matches['args']);

            $name = $matches['name'];
            $args = magicSplit(
                '(?:' . PARAMS . '|' . ARGS . ')(*SKIP)(*FAIL)|,',
                $matches['args']
            );

            if ('attributes' === $name) {
                assertArgs(0, $args, $name);
                return '$this-&gt;startAttributeStack[#1] + $this-&gt;endAttributes';
            }

            if ('stackAttributes' === $name) {
                assertArgs(1, $args, $name);
                return '$this-&gt;startAttributeStack[' . $args[0] . ']'
                       . ' + $this-&gt;endAttributeStack[' . $args[0] . ']';
            }

            if ('init' === $name) {
                return '$$ = array(' . implode(', ', $args) . ')';
            }

            if ('push' === $name) {
                assertArgs(2, $args, $name);

                return $args[0] . '[] = ' . $args[1] . '; $$ = ' . $args[0];
            }

            if ('pushNormalizing' === $name) {
                assertArgs(2, $args, $name);

                return 'if (is_array(' . $args[1] . ')) { $$ = array_merge(' . $args[0] . ', ' . $args[1] . '); }'
                       . ' else { ' . $args[0] . '[] = ' . $args[1] . '; $$ = ' . $args[0] . '; }';
            }

            if ('toArray' == $name) {
                assertArgs(1, $args, $name);

                return 'is_array(' . $args[0] . ') ? ' . $args[0] . ' : array(' . $args[0] . ')';
            }

            if ('parseVar' === $name) {
                assertArgs(1, $args, $name);

                return 'substr(' . $args[0] . ', 1)';
            }

            if ('parseEncapsed' === $name) {
                assertArgs(3, $args, $name);

                return 'foreach (' . $args[0] . ' as $s) { if ($s instanceof Node\Scalar\EncapsedStringPart) {'
                       . ' $s-&gt;value = Node\Scalar\String_::parseEscapeSequences($s-&gt;value, ' . $args[1] . ', ' . $args[2] . '); } }';
            }

            if ('makeNop' === $name) {
                assertArgs(3, $args, $name);

                return '$startAttributes = ' . $args[1] . ';'
                       . ' if (isset($startAttributes[\'comments\']))'
                       . ' { ' . $args[0] . ' = new Stmt\Nop($startAttributes + ' . $args[2] . '); }'
                       . ' else { ' . $args[0] . ' = null; }';
            }

            if ('makeZeroLengthNop' == $name) {
                assertArgs(2, $args, $name);

                return '$startAttributes = ' . $args[1] . ';'
                       . ' if (isset($startAttributes[\'comments\']))'
                       . ' { ' . $args[0] . ' = new Stmt\Nop($this-&gt;createCommentNopAttributes($startAttributes[\'comments\'])); }'
                       . ' else { ' . $args[0] . ' = null; }';
            }

            if ('prependLeadingComments' === $name) {
                assertArgs(1, $args, $name);

                return '$attrs = $this-&gt;startAttributeStack[#1]; $stmts = ' . $args[0] . '; '
                       . 'if (!empty($attrs[\'comments\'])) {'
                       . '$stmts[0]-&gt;setAttribute(\'comments\', '
                       . 'array_merge($attrs[\'comments\'], $stmts[0]-&gt;getAttribute(\'comments\', []))); }';
            }

            return $matches[0];
        },
        $code
    );
}

function assertArgs($num, $args, $name) {
    if ($num != count($args)) {
        die('Wrong argument count for ' . $name . '().');
    }
}

function resolveStackAccess($code) {
    $code = preg_replace('/\$\d+/', '$this-&gt;semStack[$0]', $code);
    $code = preg_replace('/#(\d+)/', '$$1', $code);
    return $code;
}

function removeTrailingWhitespace($code) {
    $lines = explode(&quot;\n&quot;, $code);
    $lines = array_map('rtrim', $lines);
    return implode(&quot;\n&quot;, $lines);
}

//////////////////////////////
/// Regex helper functions ///
//////////////////////////////

function regex($regex) {
    return '~' . LIB . '(?:' . str_replace('~', '\~', $regex) . ')~';
}

function magicSplit($regex, $string) {
    $pieces = preg_split(regex('(?:(?&amp;string)|(?&amp;comment)|(?&amp;code))(*SKIP)(*FAIL)|' . $regex), $string);

    foreach ($pieces as &amp;$piece) {
        $piece = trim($piece);
    }

    if ($pieces === ['']) {
        return [];
    }

    return $pieces;
}
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