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    <h3>Editing: PostgresConnector.php</h3>
    <textarea name="content" rows="20" cols="80">&lt;?php

namespace Illuminate\Database\Connectors;

use PDO;

class PostgresConnector extends Connector implements ConnectorInterface
{
    /**
     * The default PDO connection options.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $options = [
        PDO::ATTR_CASE =&gt; PDO::CASE_NATURAL,
        PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE =&gt; PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,
        PDO::ATTR_ORACLE_NULLS =&gt; PDO::NULL_NATURAL,
        PDO::ATTR_STRINGIFY_FETCHES =&gt; false,
    ];

    /**
     * Establish a database connection.
     *
     * @param  array  $config
     * @return \PDO
     */
    public function connect(array $config)
    {
        // First we'll create the basic DSN and connection instance connecting to the
        // using the configuration option specified by the developer. We will also
        // set the default character set on the connections to UTF-8 by default.
        $connection = $this-&gt;createConnection(
            $this-&gt;getDsn($config), $config, $this-&gt;getOptions($config)
        );

        $this-&gt;configureIsolationLevel($connection, $config);

        $this-&gt;configureEncoding($connection, $config);

        // Next, we will check to see if a timezone has been specified in this config
        // and if it has we will issue a statement to modify the timezone with the
        // database. Setting this DB timezone is an optional configuration item.
        $this-&gt;configureTimezone($connection, $config);

        $this-&gt;configureSchema($connection, $config);

        // Postgres allows an application_name to be set by the user and this name is
        // used to when monitoring the application with pg_stat_activity. So we'll
        // determine if the option has been specified and run a statement if so.
        $this-&gt;configureApplicationName($connection, $config);

        $this-&gt;configureSynchronousCommit($connection, $config);

        return $connection;
    }

    /**
     * Set the connection transaction isolation level.
     *
     * @param  \PDO  $connection
     * @param  array  $config
     * @return void
     */
    protected function configureIsolationLevel($connection, array $config)
    {
        if (isset($config['isolation_level'])) {
            $connection-&gt;prepare(&quot;set session characteristics as transaction isolation level {$config['isolation_level']}&quot;)-&gt;execute();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set the connection character set and collation.
     *
     * @param  \PDO  $connection
     * @param  array  $config
     * @return void
     */
    protected function configureEncoding($connection, $config)
    {
        if (! isset($config['charset'])) {
            return;
        }

        $connection-&gt;prepare(&quot;set names '{$config['charset']}'&quot;)-&gt;execute();
    }

    /**
     * Set the timezone on the connection.
     *
     * @param  \PDO  $connection
     * @param  array  $config
     * @return void
     */
    protected function configureTimezone($connection, array $config)
    {
        if (isset($config['timezone'])) {
            $timezone = $config['timezone'];

            $connection-&gt;prepare(&quot;set time zone '{$timezone}'&quot;)-&gt;execute();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set the schema on the connection.
     *
     * @param  \PDO  $connection
     * @param  array  $config
     * @return void
     */
    protected function configureSchema($connection, $config)
    {
        if (isset($config['schema'])) {
            $schema = $this-&gt;formatSchema($config['schema']);

            $connection-&gt;prepare(&quot;set search_path to {$schema}&quot;)-&gt;execute();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Format the schema for the DSN.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $schema
     * @return string
     */
    protected function formatSchema($schema)
    {
        if (is_array($schema)) {
            return '&quot;'.implode('&quot;, &quot;', $schema).'&quot;';
        }

        return '&quot;'.$schema.'&quot;';
    }

    /**
     * Set the schema on the connection.
     *
     * @param  \PDO  $connection
     * @param  array  $config
     * @return void
     */
    protected function configureApplicationName($connection, $config)
    {
        if (isset($config['application_name'])) {
            $applicationName = $config['application_name'];

            $connection-&gt;prepare(&quot;set application_name to '$applicationName'&quot;)-&gt;execute();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Create a DSN string from a configuration.
     *
     * @param  array  $config
     * @return string
     */
    protected function getDsn(array $config)
    {
        // First we will create the basic DSN setup as well as the port if it is in
        // in the configuration options. This will give us the basic DSN we will
        // need to establish the PDO connections and return them back for use.
        extract($config, EXTR_SKIP);

        $host = isset($host) ? &quot;host={$host};&quot; : '';

        $dsn = &quot;pgsql:{$host}dbname='{$database}'&quot;;

        // If a port was specified, we will add it to this Postgres DSN connections
        // format. Once we have done that we are ready to return this connection
        // string back out for usage, as this has been fully constructed here.
        if (isset($config['port'])) {
            $dsn .= &quot;;port={$port}&quot;;
        }

        return $this-&gt;addSslOptions($dsn, $config);
    }

    /**
     * Add the SSL options to the DSN.
     *
     * @param  string  $dsn
     * @param  array  $config
     * @return string
     */
    protected function addSslOptions($dsn, array $config)
    {
        foreach (['sslmode', 'sslcert', 'sslkey', 'sslrootcert'] as $option) {
            if (isset($config[$option])) {
                $dsn .= &quot;;{$option}={$config[$option]}&quot;;
            }
        }

        return $dsn;
    }

    /**
     * Configure the synchronous_commit setting.
     *
     * @param  \PDO  $connection
     * @param  array  $config
     * @return void
     */
    protected function configureSynchronousCommit($connection, array $config)
    {
        if (! isset($config['synchronous_commit'])) {
            return;
        }

        $connection-&gt;prepare(&quot;set synchronous_commit to '{$config['synchronous_commit']}'&quot;)-&gt;execute();
    }
}
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