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    <h3>Editing: Model.php</h3>
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namespace Illuminate\Database\Eloquent;

use ArrayAccess;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Broadcasting\HasBroadcastChannel;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\QueueableCollection;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\QueueableEntity;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Routing\UrlRoutable;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Support\Arrayable;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Support\CanBeEscapedWhenCastToString;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Support\Jsonable;
use Illuminate\Database\ConnectionResolverInterface as Resolver;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection as EloquentCollection;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsToMany;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Concerns\AsPivot;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\HasManyThrough;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Pivot;
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
use Illuminate\Support\Collection as BaseCollection;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
use Illuminate\Support\Traits\ForwardsCalls;
use JsonSerializable;
use LogicException;

abstract class Model implements Arrayable, ArrayAccess, CanBeEscapedWhenCastToString, HasBroadcastChannel, Jsonable, JsonSerializable, QueueableEntity, UrlRoutable
{
    use Concerns\HasAttributes,
        Concerns\HasEvents,
        Concerns\HasGlobalScopes,
        Concerns\HasRelationships,
        Concerns\HasTimestamps,
        Concerns\HidesAttributes,
        Concerns\GuardsAttributes,
        ForwardsCalls;

    /**
     * The connection name for the model.
     *
     * @var string|null
     */
    protected $connection;

    /**
     * The table associated with the model.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    protected $table;

    /**
     * The primary key for the model.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    protected $primaryKey = 'id';

    /**
     * The &quot;type&quot; of the primary key ID.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    protected $keyType = 'int';

    /**
     * Indicates if the IDs are auto-incrementing.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    public $incrementing = true;

    /**
     * The relations to eager load on every query.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $with = [];

    /**
     * The relationship counts that should be eager loaded on every query.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $withCount = [];

    /**
     * Indicates whether lazy loading will be prevented on this model.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    public $preventsLazyLoading = false;

    /**
     * The number of models to return for pagination.
     *
     * @var int
     */
    protected $perPage = 15;

    /**
     * Indicates if the model exists.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    public $exists = false;

    /**
     * Indicates if the model was inserted during the current request lifecycle.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    public $wasRecentlyCreated = false;

    /**
     * Indicates that the object's string representation should be escaped when __toString is invoked.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    protected $escapeWhenCastingToString = false;

    /**
     * The connection resolver instance.
     *
     * @var \Illuminate\Database\ConnectionResolverInterface
     */
    protected static $resolver;

    /**
     * The event dispatcher instance.
     *
     * @var \Illuminate\Contracts\Events\Dispatcher
     */
    protected static $dispatcher;

    /**
     * The array of booted models.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected static $booted = [];

    /**
     * The array of trait initializers that will be called on each new instance.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected static $traitInitializers = [];

    /**
     * The array of global scopes on the model.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected static $globalScopes = [];

    /**
     * The list of models classes that should not be affected with touch.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected static $ignoreOnTouch = [];

    /**
     * Indicates whether lazy loading should be restricted on all models.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    protected static $modelsShouldPreventLazyLoading = false;

    /**
     * The callback that is responsible for handling lazy loading violations.
     *
     * @var callable|null
     */
    protected static $lazyLoadingViolationCallback;

    /**
     * Indicates if broadcasting is currently enabled.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    protected static $isBroadcasting = true;

    /**
     * The name of the &quot;created at&quot; column.
     *
     * @var string|null
     */
    const CREATED_AT = 'created_at';

    /**
     * The name of the &quot;updated at&quot; column.
     *
     * @var string|null
     */
    const UPDATED_AT = 'updated_at';

    /**
     * Create a new Eloquent model instance.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @return void
     */
    public function __construct(array $attributes = [])
    {
        $this-&gt;bootIfNotBooted();

        $this-&gt;initializeTraits();

        $this-&gt;syncOriginal();

        $this-&gt;fill($attributes);
    }

    /**
     * Check if the model needs to be booted and if so, do it.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    protected function bootIfNotBooted()
    {
        if (! isset(static::$booted[static::class])) {
            static::$booted[static::class] = true;

            $this-&gt;fireModelEvent('booting', false);

            static::booting();
            static::boot();
            static::booted();

            $this-&gt;fireModelEvent('booted', false);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Perform any actions required before the model boots.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    protected static function booting()
    {
        //
    }

    /**
     * Bootstrap the model and its traits.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    protected static function boot()
    {
        static::bootTraits();
    }

    /**
     * Boot all of the bootable traits on the model.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    protected static function bootTraits()
    {
        $class = static::class;

        $booted = [];

        static::$traitInitializers[$class] = [];

        foreach (class_uses_recursive($class) as $trait) {
            $method = 'boot'.class_basename($trait);

            if (method_exists($class, $method) &amp;&amp; ! in_array($method, $booted)) {
                forward_static_call([$class, $method]);

                $booted[] = $method;
            }

            if (method_exists($class, $method = 'initialize'.class_basename($trait))) {
                static::$traitInitializers[$class][] = $method;

                static::$traitInitializers[$class] = array_unique(
                    static::$traitInitializers[$class]
                );
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Initialize any initializable traits on the model.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    protected function initializeTraits()
    {
        foreach (static::$traitInitializers[static::class] as $method) {
            $this-&gt;{$method}();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Perform any actions required after the model boots.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    protected static function booted()
    {
        //
    }

    /**
     * Clear the list of booted models so they will be re-booted.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public static function clearBootedModels()
    {
        static::$booted = [];

        static::$globalScopes = [];
    }

    /**
     * Disables relationship model touching for the current class during given callback scope.
     *
     * @param  callable  $callback
     * @return void
     */
    public static function withoutTouching(callable $callback)
    {
        static::withoutTouchingOn([static::class], $callback);
    }

    /**
     * Disables relationship model touching for the given model classes during given callback scope.
     *
     * @param  array  $models
     * @param  callable  $callback
     * @return void
     */
    public static function withoutTouchingOn(array $models, callable $callback)
    {
        static::$ignoreOnTouch = array_values(array_merge(static::$ignoreOnTouch, $models));

        try {
            $callback();
        } finally {
            static::$ignoreOnTouch = array_values(array_diff(static::$ignoreOnTouch, $models));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Determine if the given model is ignoring touches.
     *
     * @param  string|null  $class
     * @return bool
     */
    public static function isIgnoringTouch($class = null)
    {
        $class = $class ?: static::class;

        if (! get_class_vars($class)['timestamps'] || ! $class::UPDATED_AT) {
            return true;
        }

        foreach (static::$ignoreOnTouch as $ignoredClass) {
            if ($class === $ignoredClass || is_subclass_of($class, $ignoredClass)) {
                return true;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Prevent model relationships from being lazy loaded.
     *
     * @param  bool  $value
     * @return void
     */
    public static function preventLazyLoading($value = true)
    {
        static::$modelsShouldPreventLazyLoading = $value;
    }

    /**
     * Register a callback that is responsible for handling lazy loading violations.
     *
     * @param  callable|null  $callback
     * @return void
     */
    public static function handleLazyLoadingViolationUsing(?callable $callback)
    {
        static::$lazyLoadingViolationCallback = $callback;
    }

    /**
     * Execute a callback without broadcasting any model events for all model types.
     *
     * @param  callable  $callback
     * @return mixed
     */
    public static function withoutBroadcasting(callable $callback)
    {
        $isBroadcasting = static::$isBroadcasting;

        static::$isBroadcasting = false;

        try {
            return $callback();
        } finally {
            static::$isBroadcasting = $isBroadcasting;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Fill the model with an array of attributes.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @return $this
     *
     * @throws \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\MassAssignmentException
     */
    public function fill(array $attributes)
    {
        $totallyGuarded = $this-&gt;totallyGuarded();

        foreach ($this-&gt;fillableFromArray($attributes) as $key =&gt; $value) {
            // The developers may choose to place some attributes in the &quot;fillable&quot; array
            // which means only those attributes may be set through mass assignment to
            // the model, and all others will just get ignored for security reasons.
            if ($this-&gt;isFillable($key)) {
                $this-&gt;setAttribute($key, $value);
            } elseif ($totallyGuarded) {
                throw new MassAssignmentException(sprintf(
                    'Add [%s] to fillable property to allow mass assignment on [%s].',
                    $key, get_class($this)
                ));
            }
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Fill the model with an array of attributes. Force mass assignment.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @return $this
     */
    public function forceFill(array $attributes)
    {
        return static::unguarded(function () use ($attributes) {
            return $this-&gt;fill($attributes);
        });
    }

    /**
     * Qualify the given column name by the model's table.
     *
     * @param  string  $column
     * @return string
     */
    public function qualifyColumn($column)
    {
        if (Str::contains($column, '.')) {
            return $column;
        }

        return $this-&gt;getTable().'.'.$column;
    }

    /**
     * Qualify the given columns with the model's table.
     *
     * @param  array  $columns
     * @return array
     */
    public function qualifyColumns($columns)
    {
        return collect($columns)-&gt;map(function ($column) {
            return $this-&gt;qualifyColumn($column);
        })-&gt;all();
    }

    /**
     * Create a new instance of the given model.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @param  bool  $exists
     * @return static
     */
    public function newInstance($attributes = [], $exists = false)
    {
        // This method just provides a convenient way for us to generate fresh model
        // instances of this current model. It is particularly useful during the
        // hydration of new objects via the Eloquent query builder instances.
        $model = new static((array) $attributes);

        $model-&gt;exists = $exists;

        $model-&gt;setConnection(
            $this-&gt;getConnectionName()
        );

        $model-&gt;setTable($this-&gt;getTable());

        $model-&gt;mergeCasts($this-&gt;casts);

        return $model;
    }

    /**
     * Create a new model instance that is existing.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @param  string|null  $connection
     * @return static
     */
    public function newFromBuilder($attributes = [], $connection = null)
    {
        $model = $this-&gt;newInstance([], true);

        $model-&gt;setRawAttributes((array) $attributes, true);

        $model-&gt;setConnection($connection ?: $this-&gt;getConnectionName());

        $model-&gt;fireModelEvent('retrieved', false);

        return $model;
    }

    /**
     * Begin querying the model on a given connection.
     *
     * @param  string|null  $connection
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public static function on($connection = null)
    {
        // First we will just create a fresh instance of this model, and then we can set the
        // connection on the model so that it is used for the queries we execute, as well
        // as being set on every relation we retrieve without a custom connection name.
        $instance = new static;

        $instance-&gt;setConnection($connection);

        return $instance-&gt;newQuery();
    }

    /**
     * Begin querying the model on the write connection.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Query\Builder
     */
    public static function onWriteConnection()
    {
        return static::query()-&gt;useWritePdo();
    }

    /**
     * Get all of the models from the database.
     *
     * @param  array|mixed  $columns
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection|static[]
     */
    public static function all($columns = ['*'])
    {
        return static::query()-&gt;get(
            is_array($columns) ? $columns : func_get_args()
        );
    }

    /**
     * Begin querying a model with eager loading.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $relations
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public static function with($relations)
    {
        return static::query()-&gt;with(
            is_string($relations) ? func_get_args() : $relations
        );
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relations on the model.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $relations
     * @return $this
     */
    public function load($relations)
    {
        $query = $this-&gt;newQueryWithoutRelationships()-&gt;with(
            is_string($relations) ? func_get_args() : $relations
        );

        $query-&gt;eagerLoadRelations([$this]);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relationships on the polymorphic relation of a model.
     *
     * @param  string  $relation
     * @param  array  $relations
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadMorph($relation, $relations)
    {
        if (! $this-&gt;{$relation}) {
            return $this;
        }

        $className = get_class($this-&gt;{$relation});

        $this-&gt;{$relation}-&gt;load($relations[$className] ?? []);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relations on the model if they are not already eager loaded.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $relations
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadMissing($relations)
    {
        $relations = is_string($relations) ? func_get_args() : $relations;

        $this-&gt;newCollection([$this])-&gt;loadMissing($relations);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relation's column aggregations on the model.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $relations
     * @param  string  $column
     * @param  string  $function
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadAggregate($relations, $column, $function = null)
    {
        $this-&gt;newCollection([$this])-&gt;loadAggregate($relations, $column, $function);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relation counts on the model.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $relations
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadCount($relations)
    {
        $relations = is_string($relations) ? func_get_args() : $relations;

        return $this-&gt;loadAggregate($relations, '*', 'count');
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relation max column values on the model.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $relations
     * @param  string  $column
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadMax($relations, $column)
    {
        return $this-&gt;loadAggregate($relations, $column, 'max');
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relation min column values on the model.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $relations
     * @param  string  $column
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadMin($relations, $column)
    {
        return $this-&gt;loadAggregate($relations, $column, 'min');
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relation's column summations on the model.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $relations
     * @param  string  $column
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadSum($relations, $column)
    {
        return $this-&gt;loadAggregate($relations, $column, 'sum');
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relation average column values on the model.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $relations
     * @param  string  $column
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadAvg($relations, $column)
    {
        return $this-&gt;loadAggregate($relations, $column, 'avg');
    }

    /**
     * Eager load related model existence values on the model.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $relations
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadExists($relations)
    {
        return $this-&gt;loadAggregate($relations, '*', 'exists');
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relationship column aggregation on the polymorphic relation of a model.
     *
     * @param  string  $relation
     * @param  array  $relations
     * @param  string  $column
     * @param  string  $function
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadMorphAggregate($relation, $relations, $column, $function = null)
    {
        if (! $this-&gt;{$relation}) {
            return $this;
        }

        $className = get_class($this-&gt;{$relation});

        $this-&gt;{$relation}-&gt;loadAggregate($relations[$className] ?? [], $column, $function);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relationship counts on the polymorphic relation of a model.
     *
     * @param  string  $relation
     * @param  array  $relations
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadMorphCount($relation, $relations)
    {
        return $this-&gt;loadMorphAggregate($relation, $relations, '*', 'count');
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relationship max column values on the polymorphic relation of a model.
     *
     * @param  string  $relation
     * @param  array  $relations
     * @param  string  $column
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadMorphMax($relation, $relations, $column)
    {
        return $this-&gt;loadMorphAggregate($relation, $relations, $column, 'max');
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relationship min column values on the polymorphic relation of a model.
     *
     * @param  string  $relation
     * @param  array  $relations
     * @param  string  $column
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadMorphMin($relation, $relations, $column)
    {
        return $this-&gt;loadMorphAggregate($relation, $relations, $column, 'min');
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relationship column summations on the polymorphic relation of a model.
     *
     * @param  string  $relation
     * @param  array  $relations
     * @param  string  $column
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadMorphSum($relation, $relations, $column)
    {
        return $this-&gt;loadMorphAggregate($relation, $relations, $column, 'sum');
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relationship average column values on the polymorphic relation of a model.
     *
     * @param  string  $relation
     * @param  array  $relations
     * @param  string  $column
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadMorphAvg($relation, $relations, $column)
    {
        return $this-&gt;loadMorphAggregate($relation, $relations, $column, 'avg');
    }

    /**
     * Increment a column's value by a given amount.
     *
     * @param  string  $column
     * @param  float|int  $amount
     * @param  array  $extra
     * @return int
     */
    protected function increment($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = [])
    {
        return $this-&gt;incrementOrDecrement($column, $amount, $extra, 'increment');
    }

    /**
     * Decrement a column's value by a given amount.
     *
     * @param  string  $column
     * @param  float|int  $amount
     * @param  array  $extra
     * @return int
     */
    protected function decrement($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = [])
    {
        return $this-&gt;incrementOrDecrement($column, $amount, $extra, 'decrement');
    }

    /**
     * Run the increment or decrement method on the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $column
     * @param  float|int  $amount
     * @param  array  $extra
     * @param  string  $method
     * @return int
     */
    protected function incrementOrDecrement($column, $amount, $extra, $method)
    {
        $query = $this-&gt;newQueryWithoutRelationships();

        if (! $this-&gt;exists) {
            return $query-&gt;{$method}($column, $amount, $extra);
        }

        $this-&gt;{$column} = $this-&gt;isClassDeviable($column)
            ? $this-&gt;deviateClassCastableAttribute($method, $column, $amount)
            : $this-&gt;{$column} + ($method === 'increment' ? $amount : $amount * -1);

        $this-&gt;forceFill($extra);

        if ($this-&gt;fireModelEvent('updating') === false) {
            return false;
        }

        return tap($this-&gt;setKeysForSaveQuery($query)-&gt;{$method}($column, $amount, $extra), function () use ($column) {
            $this-&gt;syncChanges();

            $this-&gt;fireModelEvent('updated', false);

            $this-&gt;syncOriginalAttribute($column);
        });
    }

    /**
     * Update the model in the database.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @param  array  $options
     * @return bool
     */
    public function update(array $attributes = [], array $options = [])
    {
        if (! $this-&gt;exists) {
            return false;
        }

        return $this-&gt;fill($attributes)-&gt;save($options);
    }

    /**
     * Update the model in the database within a transaction.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @param  array  $options
     * @return bool
     *
     * @throws \Throwable
     */
    public function updateOrFail(array $attributes = [], array $options = [])
    {
        if (! $this-&gt;exists) {
            return false;
        }

        return $this-&gt;fill($attributes)-&gt;saveOrFail($options);
    }

    /**
     * Update the model in the database without raising any events.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @param  array  $options
     * @return bool
     */
    public function updateQuietly(array $attributes = [], array $options = [])
    {
        if (! $this-&gt;exists) {
            return false;
        }

        return $this-&gt;fill($attributes)-&gt;saveQuietly($options);
    }

    /**
     * Save the model and all of its relationships.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function push()
    {
        if (! $this-&gt;save()) {
            return false;
        }

        // To sync all of the relationships to the database, we will simply spin through
        // the relationships and save each model via this &quot;push&quot; method, which allows
        // us to recurse into all of these nested relations for the model instance.
        foreach ($this-&gt;relations as $models) {
            $models = $models instanceof Collection
                        ? $models-&gt;all() : [$models];

            foreach (array_filter($models) as $model) {
                if (! $model-&gt;push()) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Save the model to the database without raising any events.
     *
     * @param  array  $options
     * @return bool
     */
    public function saveQuietly(array $options = [])
    {
        return static::withoutEvents(function () use ($options) {
            return $this-&gt;save($options);
        });
    }

    /**
     * Save the model to the database.
     *
     * @param  array  $options
     * @return bool
     */
    public function save(array $options = [])
    {
        $this-&gt;mergeAttributesFromCachedCasts();

        $query = $this-&gt;newModelQuery();

        // If the &quot;saving&quot; event returns false we'll bail out of the save and return
        // false, indicating that the save failed. This provides a chance for any
        // listeners to cancel save operations if validations fail or whatever.
        if ($this-&gt;fireModelEvent('saving') === false) {
            return false;
        }

        // If the model already exists in the database we can just update our record
        // that is already in this database using the current IDs in this &quot;where&quot;
        // clause to only update this model. Otherwise, we'll just insert them.
        if ($this-&gt;exists) {
            $saved = $this-&gt;isDirty() ?
                        $this-&gt;performUpdate($query) : true;
        }

        // If the model is brand new, we'll insert it into our database and set the
        // ID attribute on the model to the value of the newly inserted row's ID
        // which is typically an auto-increment value managed by the database.
        else {
            $saved = $this-&gt;performInsert($query);

            if (! $this-&gt;getConnectionName() &amp;&amp;
                $connection = $query-&gt;getConnection()) {
                $this-&gt;setConnection($connection-&gt;getName());
            }
        }

        // If the model is successfully saved, we need to do a few more things once
        // that is done. We will call the &quot;saved&quot; method here to run any actions
        // we need to happen after a model gets successfully saved right here.
        if ($saved) {
            $this-&gt;finishSave($options);
        }

        return $saved;
    }

    /**
     * Save the model to the database within a transaction.
     *
     * @param  array  $options
     * @return bool
     *
     * @throws \Throwable
     */
    public function saveOrFail(array $options = [])
    {
        return $this-&gt;getConnection()-&gt;transaction(function () use ($options) {
            return $this-&gt;save($options);
        });
    }

    /**
     * Perform any actions that are necessary after the model is saved.
     *
     * @param  array  $options
     * @return void
     */
    protected function finishSave(array $options)
    {
        $this-&gt;fireModelEvent('saved', false);

        if ($this-&gt;isDirty() &amp;&amp; ($options['touch'] ?? true)) {
            $this-&gt;touchOwners();
        }

        $this-&gt;syncOriginal();
    }

    /**
     * Perform a model update operation.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder  $query
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function performUpdate(Builder $query)
    {
        // If the updating event returns false, we will cancel the update operation so
        // developers can hook Validation systems into their models and cancel this
        // operation if the model does not pass validation. Otherwise, we update.
        if ($this-&gt;fireModelEvent('updating') === false) {
            return false;
        }

        // First we need to create a fresh query instance and touch the creation and
        // update timestamp on the model which are maintained by us for developer
        // convenience. Then we will just continue saving the model instances.
        if ($this-&gt;usesTimestamps()) {
            $this-&gt;updateTimestamps();
        }

        // Once we have run the update operation, we will fire the &quot;updated&quot; event for
        // this model instance. This will allow developers to hook into these after
        // models are updated, giving them a chance to do any special processing.
        $dirty = $this-&gt;getDirty();

        if (count($dirty) &gt; 0) {
            $this-&gt;setKeysForSaveQuery($query)-&gt;update($dirty);

            $this-&gt;syncChanges();

            $this-&gt;fireModelEvent('updated', false);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Set the keys for a select query.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder  $query
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    protected function setKeysForSelectQuery($query)
    {
        $query-&gt;where($this-&gt;getKeyName(), '=', $this-&gt;getKeyForSelectQuery());

        return $query;
    }

    /**
     * Get the primary key value for a select query.
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    protected function getKeyForSelectQuery()
    {
        return $this-&gt;original[$this-&gt;getKeyName()] ?? $this-&gt;getKey();
    }

    /**
     * Set the keys for a save update query.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder  $query
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    protected function setKeysForSaveQuery($query)
    {
        $query-&gt;where($this-&gt;getKeyName(), '=', $this-&gt;getKeyForSaveQuery());

        return $query;
    }

    /**
     * Get the primary key value for a save query.
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    protected function getKeyForSaveQuery()
    {
        return $this-&gt;original[$this-&gt;getKeyName()] ?? $this-&gt;getKey();
    }

    /**
     * Perform a model insert operation.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder  $query
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function performInsert(Builder $query)
    {
        if ($this-&gt;fireModelEvent('creating') === false) {
            return false;
        }

        // First we'll need to create a fresh query instance and touch the creation and
        // update timestamps on this model, which are maintained by us for developer
        // convenience. After, we will just continue saving these model instances.
        if ($this-&gt;usesTimestamps()) {
            $this-&gt;updateTimestamps();
        }

        // If the model has an incrementing key, we can use the &quot;insertGetId&quot; method on
        // the query builder, which will give us back the final inserted ID for this
        // table from the database. Not all tables have to be incrementing though.
        $attributes = $this-&gt;getAttributesForInsert();

        if ($this-&gt;getIncrementing()) {
            $this-&gt;insertAndSetId($query, $attributes);
        }

        // If the table isn't incrementing we'll simply insert these attributes as they
        // are. These attribute arrays must contain an &quot;id&quot; column previously placed
        // there by the developer as the manually determined key for these models.
        else {
            if (empty($attributes)) {
                return true;
            }

            $query-&gt;insert($attributes);
        }

        // We will go ahead and set the exists property to true, so that it is set when
        // the created event is fired, just in case the developer tries to update it
        // during the event. This will allow them to do so and run an update here.
        $this-&gt;exists = true;

        $this-&gt;wasRecentlyCreated = true;

        $this-&gt;fireModelEvent('created', false);

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Insert the given attributes and set the ID on the model.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder  $query
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @return void
     */
    protected function insertAndSetId(Builder $query, $attributes)
    {
        $id = $query-&gt;insertGetId($attributes, $keyName = $this-&gt;getKeyName());

        $this-&gt;setAttribute($keyName, $id);
    }

    /**
     * Destroy the models for the given IDs.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Support\Collection|array|int|string  $ids
     * @return int
     */
    public static function destroy($ids)
    {
        if ($ids instanceof EloquentCollection) {
            $ids = $ids-&gt;modelKeys();
        }

        if ($ids instanceof BaseCollection) {
            $ids = $ids-&gt;all();
        }

        $ids = is_array($ids) ? $ids : func_get_args();

        if (count($ids) === 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        // We will actually pull the models from the database table and call delete on
        // each of them individually so that their events get fired properly with a
        // correct set of attributes in case the developers wants to check these.
        $key = ($instance = new static)-&gt;getKeyName();

        $count = 0;

        foreach ($instance-&gt;whereIn($key, $ids)-&gt;get() as $model) {
            if ($model-&gt;delete()) {
                $count++;
            }
        }

        return $count;
    }

    /**
     * Delete the model from the database.
     *
     * @return bool|null
     *
     * @throws \LogicException
     */
    public function delete()
    {
        $this-&gt;mergeAttributesFromCachedCasts();

        if (is_null($this-&gt;getKeyName())) {
            throw new LogicException('No primary key defined on model.');
        }

        // If the model doesn't exist, there is nothing to delete so we'll just return
        // immediately and not do anything else. Otherwise, we will continue with a
        // deletion process on the model, firing the proper events, and so forth.
        if (! $this-&gt;exists) {
            return;
        }

        if ($this-&gt;fireModelEvent('deleting') === false) {
            return false;
        }

        // Here, we'll touch the owning models, verifying these timestamps get updated
        // for the models. This will allow any caching to get broken on the parents
        // by the timestamp. Then we will go ahead and delete the model instance.
        $this-&gt;touchOwners();

        $this-&gt;performDeleteOnModel();

        // Once the model has been deleted, we will fire off the deleted event so that
        // the developers may hook into post-delete operations. We will then return
        // a boolean true as the delete is presumably successful on the database.
        $this-&gt;fireModelEvent('deleted', false);

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Delete the model from the database within a transaction.
     *
     * @return bool|null
     *
     * @throws \Throwable
     */
    public function deleteOrFail()
    {
        if (! $this-&gt;exists) {
            return false;
        }

        return $this-&gt;getConnection()-&gt;transaction(function () {
            return $this-&gt;delete();
        });
    }

    /**
     * Force a hard delete on a soft deleted model.
     *
     * This method protects developers from running forceDelete when the trait is missing.
     *
     * @return bool|null
     */
    public function forceDelete()
    {
        return $this-&gt;delete();
    }

    /**
     * Perform the actual delete query on this model instance.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    protected function performDeleteOnModel()
    {
        $this-&gt;setKeysForSaveQuery($this-&gt;newModelQuery())-&gt;delete();

        $this-&gt;exists = false;
    }

    /**
     * Begin querying the model.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public static function query()
    {
        return (new static)-&gt;newQuery();
    }

    /**
     * Get a new query builder for the model's table.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public function newQuery()
    {
        return $this-&gt;registerGlobalScopes($this-&gt;newQueryWithoutScopes());
    }

    /**
     * Get a new query builder that doesn't have any global scopes or eager loading.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder|static
     */
    public function newModelQuery()
    {
        return $this-&gt;newEloquentBuilder(
            $this-&gt;newBaseQueryBuilder()
        )-&gt;setModel($this);
    }

    /**
     * Get a new query builder with no relationships loaded.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public function newQueryWithoutRelationships()
    {
        return $this-&gt;registerGlobalScopes($this-&gt;newModelQuery());
    }

    /**
     * Register the global scopes for this builder instance.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder  $builder
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public function registerGlobalScopes($builder)
    {
        foreach ($this-&gt;getGlobalScopes() as $identifier =&gt; $scope) {
            $builder-&gt;withGlobalScope($identifier, $scope);
        }

        return $builder;
    }

    /**
     * Get a new query builder that doesn't have any global scopes.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder|static
     */
    public function newQueryWithoutScopes()
    {
        return $this-&gt;newModelQuery()
                    -&gt;with($this-&gt;with)
                    -&gt;withCount($this-&gt;withCount);
    }

    /**
     * Get a new query instance without a given scope.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Scope|string  $scope
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public function newQueryWithoutScope($scope)
    {
        return $this-&gt;newQuery()-&gt;withoutGlobalScope($scope);
    }

    /**
     * Get a new query to restore one or more models by their queueable IDs.
     *
     * @param  array|int  $ids
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public function newQueryForRestoration($ids)
    {
        return is_array($ids)
                ? $this-&gt;newQueryWithoutScopes()-&gt;whereIn($this-&gt;getQualifiedKeyName(), $ids)
                : $this-&gt;newQueryWithoutScopes()-&gt;whereKey($ids);
    }

    /**
     * Create a new Eloquent query builder for the model.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Query\Builder  $query
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder|static
     */
    public function newEloquentBuilder($query)
    {
        return new Builder($query);
    }

    /**
     * Get a new query builder instance for the connection.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Query\Builder
     */
    protected function newBaseQueryBuilder()
    {
        return $this-&gt;getConnection()-&gt;query();
    }

    /**
     * Create a new Eloquent Collection instance.
     *
     * @param  array  $models
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection
     */
    public function newCollection(array $models = [])
    {
        return new Collection($models);
    }

    /**
     * Create a new pivot model instance.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model  $parent
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @param  string  $table
     * @param  bool  $exists
     * @param  string|null  $using
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Pivot
     */
    public function newPivot(self $parent, array $attributes, $table, $exists, $using = null)
    {
        return $using ? $using::fromRawAttributes($parent, $attributes, $table, $exists)
                      : Pivot::fromAttributes($parent, $attributes, $table, $exists);
    }

    /**
     * Determine if the model has a given scope.
     *
     * @param  string  $scope
     * @return bool
     */
    public function hasNamedScope($scope)
    {
        return method_exists($this, 'scope'.ucfirst($scope));
    }

    /**
     * Apply the given named scope if possible.
     *
     * @param  string  $scope
     * @param  array  $parameters
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function callNamedScope($scope, array $parameters = [])
    {
        return $this-&gt;{'scope'.ucfirst($scope)}(...$parameters);
    }

    /**
     * Convert the model instance to an array.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function toArray()
    {
        return array_merge($this-&gt;attributesToArray(), $this-&gt;relationsToArray());
    }

    /**
     * Convert the model instance to JSON.
     *
     * @param  int  $options
     * @return string
     *
     * @throws \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\JsonEncodingException
     */
    public function toJson($options = 0)
    {
        $json = json_encode($this-&gt;jsonSerialize(), $options);

        if (JSON_ERROR_NONE !== json_last_error()) {
            throw JsonEncodingException::forModel($this, json_last_error_msg());
        }

        return $json;
    }

    /**
     * Convert the object into something JSON serializable.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    #[\ReturnTypeWillChange]
    public function jsonSerialize()
    {
        return $this-&gt;toArray();
    }

    /**
     * Reload a fresh model instance from the database.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $with
     * @return static|null
     */
    public function fresh($with = [])
    {
        if (! $this-&gt;exists) {
            return;
        }

        return $this-&gt;setKeysForSelectQuery($this-&gt;newQueryWithoutScopes())
                        -&gt;with(is_string($with) ? func_get_args() : $with)
                        -&gt;first();
    }

    /**
     * Reload the current model instance with fresh attributes from the database.
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function refresh()
    {
        if (! $this-&gt;exists) {
            return $this;
        }

        $this-&gt;setRawAttributes(
            $this-&gt;setKeysForSelectQuery($this-&gt;newQueryWithoutScopes())-&gt;firstOrFail()-&gt;attributes
        );

        $this-&gt;load(collect($this-&gt;relations)-&gt;reject(function ($relation) {
            return $relation instanceof Pivot
                || (is_object($relation) &amp;&amp; in_array(AsPivot::class, class_uses_recursive($relation), true));
        })-&gt;keys()-&gt;all());

        $this-&gt;syncOriginal();

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Clone the model into a new, non-existing instance.
     *
     * @param  array|null  $except
     * @return static
     */
    public function replicate(array $except = null)
    {
        $defaults = [
            $this-&gt;getKeyName(),
            $this-&gt;getCreatedAtColumn(),
            $this-&gt;getUpdatedAtColumn(),
        ];

        $attributes = Arr::except(
            $this-&gt;getAttributes(), $except ? array_unique(array_merge($except, $defaults)) : $defaults
        );

        return tap(new static, function ($instance) use ($attributes) {
            $instance-&gt;setRawAttributes($attributes);

            $instance-&gt;setRelations($this-&gt;relations);

            $instance-&gt;fireModelEvent('replicating', false);
        });
    }

    /**
     * Determine if two models have the same ID and belong to the same table.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model|null  $model
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is($model)
    {
        return ! is_null($model) &amp;&amp;
               $this-&gt;getKey() === $model-&gt;getKey() &amp;&amp;
               $this-&gt;getTable() === $model-&gt;getTable() &amp;&amp;
               $this-&gt;getConnectionName() === $model-&gt;getConnectionName();
    }

    /**
     * Determine if two models are not the same.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model|null  $model
     * @return bool
     */
    public function isNot($model)
    {
        return ! $this-&gt;is($model);
    }

    /**
     * Get the database connection for the model.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Connection
     */
    public function getConnection()
    {
        return static::resolveConnection($this-&gt;getConnectionName());
    }

    /**
     * Get the current connection name for the model.
     *
     * @return string|null
     */
    public function getConnectionName()
    {
        return $this-&gt;connection;
    }

    /**
     * Set the connection associated with the model.
     *
     * @param  string|null  $name
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setConnection($name)
    {
        $this-&gt;connection = $name;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Resolve a connection instance.
     *
     * @param  string|null  $connection
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Connection
     */
    public static function resolveConnection($connection = null)
    {
        return static::$resolver-&gt;connection($connection);
    }

    /**
     * Get the connection resolver instance.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\ConnectionResolverInterface
     */
    public static function getConnectionResolver()
    {
        return static::$resolver;
    }

    /**
     * Set the connection resolver instance.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\ConnectionResolverInterface  $resolver
     * @return void
     */
    public static function setConnectionResolver(Resolver $resolver)
    {
        static::$resolver = $resolver;
    }

    /**
     * Unset the connection resolver for models.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public static function unsetConnectionResolver()
    {
        static::$resolver = null;
    }

    /**
     * Get the table associated with the model.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getTable()
    {
        return $this-&gt;table ?? Str::snake(Str::pluralStudly(class_basename($this)));
    }

    /**
     * Set the table associated with the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $table
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setTable($table)
    {
        $this-&gt;table = $table;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get the primary key for the model.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getKeyName()
    {
        return $this-&gt;primaryKey;
    }

    /**
     * Set the primary key for the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $key
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setKeyName($key)
    {
        $this-&gt;primaryKey = $key;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get the table qualified key name.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getQualifiedKeyName()
    {
        return $this-&gt;qualifyColumn($this-&gt;getKeyName());
    }

    /**
     * Get the auto-incrementing key type.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getKeyType()
    {
        return $this-&gt;keyType;
    }

    /**
     * Set the data type for the primary key.
     *
     * @param  string  $type
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setKeyType($type)
    {
        $this-&gt;keyType = $type;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get the value indicating whether the IDs are incrementing.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function getIncrementing()
    {
        return $this-&gt;incrementing;
    }

    /**
     * Set whether IDs are incrementing.
     *
     * @param  bool  $value
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setIncrementing($value)
    {
        $this-&gt;incrementing = $value;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get the value of the model's primary key.
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function getKey()
    {
        return $this-&gt;getAttribute($this-&gt;getKeyName());
    }

    /**
     * Get the queueable identity for the entity.
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function getQueueableId()
    {
        return $this-&gt;getKey();
    }

    /**
     * Get the queueable relationships for the entity.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function getQueueableRelations()
    {
        $relations = [];

        foreach ($this-&gt;getRelations() as $key =&gt; $relation) {
            if (! method_exists($this, $key)) {
                continue;
            }

            $relations[] = $key;

            if ($relation instanceof QueueableCollection) {
                foreach ($relation-&gt;getQueueableRelations() as $collectionValue) {
                    $relations[] = $key.'.'.$collectionValue;
                }
            }

            if ($relation instanceof QueueableEntity) {
                foreach ($relation-&gt;getQueueableRelations() as $entityKey =&gt; $entityValue) {
                    $relations[] = $key.'.'.$entityValue;
                }
            }
        }

        return array_unique($relations);
    }

    /**
     * Get the queueable connection for the entity.
     *
     * @return string|null
     */
    public function getQueueableConnection()
    {
        return $this-&gt;getConnectionName();
    }

    /**
     * Get the value of the model's route key.
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function getRouteKey()
    {
        return $this-&gt;getAttribute($this-&gt;getRouteKeyName());
    }

    /**
     * Get the route key for the model.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getRouteKeyName()
    {
        return $this-&gt;getKeyName();
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the model for a bound value.
     *
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @param  string|null  $field
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model|null
     */
    public function resolveRouteBinding($value, $field = null)
    {
        return $this-&gt;resolveRouteBindingQuery($this, $value, $field)-&gt;first();
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the model for a bound value.
     *
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @param  string|null  $field
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model|null
     */
    public function resolveSoftDeletableRouteBinding($value, $field = null)
    {
        return $this-&gt;resolveRouteBindingQuery($this, $value, $field)-&gt;withTrashed()-&gt;first();
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the child model for a bound value.
     *
     * @param  string  $childType
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @param  string|null  $field
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model|null
     */
    public function resolveChildRouteBinding($childType, $value, $field)
    {
        return $this-&gt;resolveChildRouteBindingQuery($childType, $value, $field)-&gt;first();
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the child model for a bound value.
     *
     * @param  string  $childType
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @param  string|null  $field
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model|null
     */
    public function resolveSoftDeletableChildRouteBinding($childType, $value, $field)
    {
        return $this-&gt;resolveChildRouteBindingQuery($childType, $value, $field)-&gt;withTrashed()-&gt;first();
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the child model query for a bound value.
     *
     * @param  string  $childType
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @param  string|null  $field
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Relation
     */
    protected function resolveChildRouteBindingQuery($childType, $value, $field)
    {
        $relationship = $this-&gt;{Str::plural(Str::camel($childType))}();

        $field = $field ?: $relationship-&gt;getRelated()-&gt;getRouteKeyName();

        if ($relationship instanceof HasManyThrough ||
            $relationship instanceof BelongsToMany) {
            $field = $relationship-&gt;getRelated()-&gt;getTable().'.'.$field;
        }

        return $relationship instanceof Model
                ? $relationship-&gt;resolveRouteBindingQuery($relationship, $value, $field)
                : $relationship-&gt;getRelated()-&gt;resolveRouteBindingQuery($relationship, $value, $field);
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the model for a bound value.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model|Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Relation  $query
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @param  string|null  $field
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Relation
     */
    public function resolveRouteBindingQuery($query, $value, $field = null)
    {
        return $query-&gt;where($field ?? $this-&gt;getRouteKeyName(), $value);
    }

    /**
     * Get the default foreign key name for the model.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getForeignKey()
    {
        return Str::snake(class_basename($this)).'_'.$this-&gt;getKeyName();
    }

    /**
     * Get the number of models to return per page.
     *
     * @return int
     */
    public function getPerPage()
    {
        return $this-&gt;perPage;
    }

    /**
     * Set the number of models to return per page.
     *
     * @param  int  $perPage
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setPerPage($perPage)
    {
        $this-&gt;perPage = $perPage;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Determine if lazy loading is disabled.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public static function preventsLazyLoading()
    {
        return static::$modelsShouldPreventLazyLoading;
    }

    /**
     * Get the broadcast channel route definition that is associated with the given entity.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function broadcastChannelRoute()
    {
        return str_replace('\\', '.', get_class($this)).'.{'.Str::camel(class_basename($this)).'}';
    }

    /**
     * Get the broadcast channel name that is associated with the given entity.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function broadcastChannel()
    {
        return str_replace('\\', '.', get_class($this)).'.'.$this-&gt;getKey();
    }

    /**
     * Dynamically retrieve attributes on the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $key
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function __get($key)
    {
        return $this-&gt;getAttribute($key);
    }

    /**
     * Dynamically set attributes on the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $key
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @return void
     */
    public function __set($key, $value)
    {
        $this-&gt;setAttribute($key, $value);
    }

    /**
     * Determine if the given attribute exists.
     *
     * @param  mixed  $offset
     * @return bool
     */
    #[\ReturnTypeWillChange]
    public function offsetExists($offset)
    {
        return ! is_null($this-&gt;getAttribute($offset));
    }

    /**
     * Get the value for a given offset.
     *
     * @param  mixed  $offset
     * @return mixed
     */
    #[\ReturnTypeWillChange]
    public function offsetGet($offset)
    {
        return $this-&gt;getAttribute($offset);
    }

    /**
     * Set the value for a given offset.
     *
     * @param  mixed  $offset
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @return void
     */
    #[\ReturnTypeWillChange]
    public function offsetSet($offset, $value)
    {
        $this-&gt;setAttribute($offset, $value);
    }

    /**
     * Unset the value for a given offset.
     *
     * @param  mixed  $offset
     * @return void
     */
    #[\ReturnTypeWillChange]
    public function offsetUnset($offset)
    {
        unset($this-&gt;attributes[$offset], $this-&gt;relations[$offset]);
    }

    /**
     * Determine if an attribute or relation exists on the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $key
     * @return bool
     */
    public function __isset($key)
    {
        return $this-&gt;offsetExists($key);
    }

    /**
     * Unset an attribute on the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $key
     * @return void
     */
    public function __unset($key)
    {
        $this-&gt;offsetUnset($key);
    }

    /**
     * Handle dynamic method calls into the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $method
     * @param  array  $parameters
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function __call($method, $parameters)
    {
        if (in_array($method, ['increment', 'decrement'])) {
            return $this-&gt;$method(...$parameters);
        }

        if ($resolver = (static::$relationResolvers[get_class($this)][$method] ?? null)) {
            return $resolver($this);
        }

        return $this-&gt;forwardCallTo($this-&gt;newQuery(), $method, $parameters);
    }

    /**
     * Handle dynamic static method calls into the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $method
     * @param  array  $parameters
     * @return mixed
     */
    public static function __callStatic($method, $parameters)
    {
        return (new static)-&gt;$method(...$parameters);
    }

    /**
     * Convert the model to its string representation.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function __toString()
    {
        return $this-&gt;escapeWhenCastingToString
                    ? e($this-&gt;toJson())
                    : $this-&gt;toJson();
    }

    /**
     * Indicate that the object's string representation should be escaped when __toString is invoked.
     *
     * @param  bool  $escape
     * @return $this
     */
    public function escapeWhenCastingToString($escape = true)
    {
        $this-&gt;escapeWhenCastingToString = $escape;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Prepare the object for serialization.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function __sleep()
    {
        $this-&gt;mergeAttributesFromCachedCasts();

        $this-&gt;classCastCache = [];
        $this-&gt;attributeCastCache = [];

        return array_keys(get_object_vars($this));
    }

    /**
     * When a model is being unserialized, check if it needs to be booted.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function __wakeup()
    {
        $this-&gt;bootIfNotBooted();

        $this-&gt;initializeTraits();
    }
}
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