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    <h3>Editing: FormatsMessages.php</h3>
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namespace Illuminate\Validation\Concerns;

use Closure;
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\UploadedFile;

trait FormatsMessages
{
    use ReplacesAttributes;

    /**
     * Get the validation message for an attribute and rule.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  string  $rule
     * @return string
     */
    protected function getMessage($attribute, $rule)
    {
        $attributeWithPlaceholders = $attribute;

        $attribute = $this-&gt;replacePlaceholderInString($attribute);

        $inlineMessage = $this-&gt;getInlineMessage($attribute, $rule);

        // First we will retrieve the custom message for the validation rule if one
        // exists. If a custom validation message is being used we'll return the
        // custom message, otherwise we'll keep searching for a valid message.
        if (! is_null($inlineMessage)) {
            return $inlineMessage;
        }

        $lowerRule = Str::snake($rule);

        $customMessage = $this-&gt;getCustomMessageFromTranslator(
            $customKey = &quot;validation.custom.{$attribute}.{$lowerRule}&quot;
        );

        // First we check for a custom defined validation message for the attribute
        // and rule. This allows the developer to specify specific messages for
        // only some attributes and rules that need to get specially formed.
        if ($customMessage !== $customKey) {
            return $customMessage;
        }

        // If the rule being validated is a &quot;size&quot; rule, we will need to gather the
        // specific error message for the type of attribute being validated such
        // as a number, file or string which all have different message types.
        elseif (in_array($rule, $this-&gt;sizeRules)) {
            return $this-&gt;getSizeMessage($attributeWithPlaceholders, $rule);
        }

        // Finally, if no developer specified messages have been set, and no other
        // special messages apply for this rule, we will just pull the default
        // messages out of the translator service for this validation rule.
        $key = &quot;validation.{$lowerRule}&quot;;

        if ($key !== ($value = $this-&gt;translator-&gt;get($key))) {
            return $value;
        }

        return $this-&gt;getFromLocalArray(
            $attribute, $lowerRule, $this-&gt;fallbackMessages
        ) ?: $key;
    }

    /**
     * Get the proper inline error message for standard and size rules.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  string  $rule
     * @return string|null
     */
    protected function getInlineMessage($attribute, $rule)
    {
        $inlineEntry = $this-&gt;getFromLocalArray($attribute, Str::snake($rule));

        return is_array($inlineEntry) &amp;&amp; in_array($rule, $this-&gt;sizeRules)
                    ? $inlineEntry[$this-&gt;getAttributeType($attribute)]
                    : $inlineEntry;
    }

    /**
     * Get the inline message for a rule if it exists.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  string  $lowerRule
     * @param  array|null  $source
     * @return string|null
     */
    protected function getFromLocalArray($attribute, $lowerRule, $source = null)
    {
        $source = $source ?: $this-&gt;customMessages;

        $keys = [&quot;{$attribute}.{$lowerRule}&quot;, $lowerRule];

        // First we will check for a custom message for an attribute specific rule
        // message for the fields, then we will check for a general custom line
        // that is not attribute specific. If we find either we'll return it.
        foreach ($keys as $key) {
            foreach (array_keys($source) as $sourceKey) {
                if (strpos($sourceKey, '*') !== false) {
                    $pattern = str_replace('\*', '([^.]*)', preg_quote($sourceKey, '#'));

                    if (preg_match('#^'.$pattern.'\z#u', $key) === 1) {
                        return $source[$sourceKey];
                    }

                    continue;
                }

                if (Str::is($sourceKey, $key)) {
                    return $source[$sourceKey];
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get the custom error message from the translator.
     *
     * @param  string  $key
     * @return string
     */
    protected function getCustomMessageFromTranslator($key)
    {
        if (($message = $this-&gt;translator-&gt;get($key)) !== $key) {
            return $message;
        }

        // If an exact match was not found for the key, we will collapse all of these
        // messages and loop through them and try to find a wildcard match for the
        // given key. Otherwise, we will simply return the key's value back out.
        $shortKey = preg_replace(
            '/^validation\.custom\./', '', $key
        );

        return $this-&gt;getWildcardCustomMessages(Arr::dot(
            (array) $this-&gt;translator-&gt;get('validation.custom')
        ), $shortKey, $key);
    }

    /**
     * Check the given messages for a wildcard key.
     *
     * @param  array  $messages
     * @param  string  $search
     * @param  string  $default
     * @return string
     */
    protected function getWildcardCustomMessages($messages, $search, $default)
    {
        foreach ($messages as $key =&gt; $message) {
            if ($search === $key || (Str::contains($key, ['*']) &amp;&amp; Str::is($key, $search))) {
                return $message;
            }
        }

        return $default;
    }

    /**
     * Get the proper error message for an attribute and size rule.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  string  $rule
     * @return string
     */
    protected function getSizeMessage($attribute, $rule)
    {
        $lowerRule = Str::snake($rule);

        // There are three different types of size validations. The attribute may be
        // either a number, file, or string so we will check a few things to know
        // which type of value it is and return the correct line for that type.
        $type = $this-&gt;getAttributeType($attribute);

        $key = &quot;validation.{$lowerRule}.{$type}&quot;;

        return $this-&gt;translator-&gt;get($key);
    }

    /**
     * Get the data type of the given attribute.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @return string
     */
    protected function getAttributeType($attribute)
    {
        // We assume that the attributes present in the file array are files so that
        // means that if the attribute does not have a numeric rule and the files
        // list doesn't have it we'll just consider it a string by elimination.
        if ($this-&gt;hasRule($attribute, $this-&gt;numericRules)) {
            return 'numeric';
        } elseif ($this-&gt;hasRule($attribute, ['Array'])) {
            return 'array';
        } elseif ($this-&gt;getValue($attribute) instanceof UploadedFile) {
            return 'file';
        }

        return 'string';
    }

    /**
     * Replace all error message place-holders with actual values.
     *
     * @param  string  $message
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  string  $rule
     * @param  array  $parameters
     * @return string
     */
    public function makeReplacements($message, $attribute, $rule, $parameters)
    {
        $message = $this-&gt;replaceAttributePlaceholder(
            $message, $this-&gt;getDisplayableAttribute($attribute)
        );

        $message = $this-&gt;replaceInputPlaceholder($message, $attribute);

        if (isset($this-&gt;replacers[Str::snake($rule)])) {
            return $this-&gt;callReplacer($message, $attribute, Str::snake($rule), $parameters, $this);
        } elseif (method_exists($this, $replacer = &quot;replace{$rule}&quot;)) {
            return $this-&gt;$replacer($message, $attribute, $rule, $parameters);
        }

        return $message;
    }

    /**
     * Get the displayable name of the attribute.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @return string
     */
    public function getDisplayableAttribute($attribute)
    {
        $primaryAttribute = $this-&gt;getPrimaryAttribute($attribute);

        $expectedAttributes = $attribute != $primaryAttribute
                    ? [$attribute, $primaryAttribute] : [$attribute];

        foreach ($expectedAttributes as $name) {
            // The developer may dynamically specify the array of custom attributes on this
            // validator instance. If the attribute exists in this array it is used over
            // the other ways of pulling the attribute name for this given attributes.
            if (isset($this-&gt;customAttributes[$name])) {
                return $this-&gt;customAttributes[$name];
            }

            // We allow for a developer to specify language lines for any attribute in this
            // application, which allows flexibility for displaying a unique displayable
            // version of the attribute name instead of the name used in an HTTP POST.
            if ($line = $this-&gt;getAttributeFromTranslations($name)) {
                return $line;
            }
        }

        // When no language line has been specified for the attribute and it is also
        // an implicit attribute we will display the raw attribute's name and not
        // modify it with any of these replacements before we display the name.
        if (isset($this-&gt;implicitAttributes[$primaryAttribute])) {
            return ($formatter = $this-&gt;implicitAttributesFormatter)
                            ? $formatter($attribute)
                            : $attribute;
        }

        return str_replace('_', ' ', Str::snake($attribute));
    }

    /**
     * Get the given attribute from the attribute translations.
     *
     * @param  string  $name
     * @return string
     */
    protected function getAttributeFromTranslations($name)
    {
        return Arr::get($this-&gt;translator-&gt;get('validation.attributes'), $name);
    }

    /**
     * Replace the :attribute placeholder in the given message.
     *
     * @param  string  $message
     * @param  string  $value
     * @return string
     */
    protected function replaceAttributePlaceholder($message, $value)
    {
        return str_replace(
            [':attribute', ':ATTRIBUTE', ':Attribute'],
            [$value, Str::upper($value), Str::ucfirst($value)],
            $message
        );
    }

    /**
     * Replace the :input placeholder in the given message.
     *
     * @param  string  $message
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @return string
     */
    protected function replaceInputPlaceholder($message, $attribute)
    {
        $actualValue = $this-&gt;getValue($attribute);

        if (is_scalar($actualValue) || is_null($actualValue)) {
            $message = str_replace(':input', $this-&gt;getDisplayableValue($attribute, $actualValue), $message);
        }

        return $message;
    }

    /**
     * Get the displayable name of the value.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @return string
     */
    public function getDisplayableValue($attribute, $value)
    {
        if (isset($this-&gt;customValues[$attribute][$value])) {
            return $this-&gt;customValues[$attribute][$value];
        }

        $key = &quot;validation.values.{$attribute}.{$value}&quot;;

        if (($line = $this-&gt;translator-&gt;get($key)) !== $key) {
            return $line;
        }

        if (is_bool($value)) {
            return $value ? 'true' : 'false';
        }

        if (is_null($value)) {
            return 'empty';
        }

        return (string) $value;
    }

    /**
     * Transform an array of attributes to their displayable form.
     *
     * @param  array  $values
     * @return array
     */
    protected function getAttributeList(array $values)
    {
        $attributes = [];

        // For each attribute in the list we will simply get its displayable form as
        // this is convenient when replacing lists of parameters like some of the
        // replacement functions do when formatting out the validation message.
        foreach ($values as $key =&gt; $value) {
            $attributes[$key] = $this-&gt;getDisplayableAttribute($value);
        }

        return $attributes;
    }

    /**
     * Call a custom validator message replacer.
     *
     * @param  string  $message
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  string  $rule
     * @param  array  $parameters
     * @param  \Illuminate\Validation\Validator  $validator
     * @return string|null
     */
    protected function callReplacer($message, $attribute, $rule, $parameters, $validator)
    {
        $callback = $this-&gt;replacers[$rule];

        if ($callback instanceof Closure) {
            return $callback(...func_get_args());
        } elseif (is_string($callback)) {
            return $this-&gt;callClassBasedReplacer($callback, $message, $attribute, $rule, $parameters, $validator);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Call a class based validator message replacer.
     *
     * @param  string  $callback
     * @param  string  $message
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  string  $rule
     * @param  array  $parameters
     * @param  \Illuminate\Validation\Validator  $validator
     * @return string
     */
    protected function callClassBasedReplacer($callback, $message, $attribute, $rule, $parameters, $validator)
    {
        [$class, $method] = Str::parseCallback($callback, 'replace');

        return $this-&gt;container-&gt;make($class)-&gt;{$method}(...array_slice(func_get_args(), 1));
    }
}
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