<form method="POST">
    <h3>Editing: MakesHttpRequests.php</h3>
    <textarea name="content" rows="20" cols="80">&lt;?php

namespace Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\Concerns;

use Illuminate\Contracts\Http\Kernel as HttpKernel;
use Illuminate\Cookie\CookieValuePrefix;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
use Illuminate\Testing\LoggedExceptionCollection;
use Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\UploadedFile as SymfonyUploadedFile;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request as SymfonyRequest;

trait MakesHttpRequests
{
    /**
     * Additional headers for the request.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $defaultHeaders = [];

    /**
     * Additional cookies for the request.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $defaultCookies = [];

    /**
     * Additional cookies will not be encrypted for the request.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $unencryptedCookies = [];

    /**
     * Additional server variables for the request.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $serverVariables = [];

    /**
     * Indicates whether redirects should be followed.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    protected $followRedirects = false;

    /**
     * Indicates whether cookies should be encrypted.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    protected $encryptCookies = true;

    /**
     * Indicated whether JSON requests should be performed &quot;with credentials&quot; (cookies).
     *
     * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/XMLHttpRequest/withCredentials
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    protected $withCredentials = false;

    /**
     * Define additional headers to be sent with the request.
     *
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return $this
     */
    public function withHeaders(array $headers)
    {
        $this-&gt;defaultHeaders = array_merge($this-&gt;defaultHeaders, $headers);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Add a header to be sent with the request.
     *
     * @param  string  $name
     * @param  string  $value
     * @return $this
     */
    public function withHeader(string $name, string $value)
    {
        $this-&gt;defaultHeaders[$name] = $value;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Add an authorization token for the request.
     *
     * @param  string  $token
     * @param  string  $type
     * @return $this
     */
    public function withToken(string $token, string $type = 'Bearer')
    {
        return $this-&gt;withHeader('Authorization', $type.' '.$token);
    }

    /**
     * Flush all the configured headers.
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function flushHeaders()
    {
        $this-&gt;defaultHeaders = [];

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Define a set of server variables to be sent with the requests.
     *
     * @param  array  $server
     * @return $this
     */
    public function withServerVariables(array $server)
    {
        $this-&gt;serverVariables = $server;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Disable middleware for the test.
     *
     * @param  string|array|null  $middleware
     * @return $this
     */
    public function withoutMiddleware($middleware = null)
    {
        if (is_null($middleware)) {
            $this-&gt;app-&gt;instance('middleware.disable', true);

            return $this;
        }

        foreach ((array) $middleware as $abstract) {
            $this-&gt;app-&gt;instance($abstract, new class
            {
                public function handle($request, $next)
                {
                    return $next($request);
                }
            });
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Enable the given middleware for the test.
     *
     * @param  string|array|null  $middleware
     * @return $this
     */
    public function withMiddleware($middleware = null)
    {
        if (is_null($middleware)) {
            unset($this-&gt;app['middleware.disable']);

            return $this;
        }

        foreach ((array) $middleware as $abstract) {
            unset($this-&gt;app[$abstract]);
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Define additional cookies to be sent with the request.
     *
     * @param  array  $cookies
     * @return $this
     */
    public function withCookies(array $cookies)
    {
        $this-&gt;defaultCookies = array_merge($this-&gt;defaultCookies, $cookies);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Add a cookie to be sent with the request.
     *
     * @param  string  $name
     * @param  string  $value
     * @return $this
     */
    public function withCookie(string $name, string $value)
    {
        $this-&gt;defaultCookies[$name] = $value;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Define additional cookies will not be encrypted before sending with the request.
     *
     * @param  array  $cookies
     * @return $this
     */
    public function withUnencryptedCookies(array $cookies)
    {
        $this-&gt;unencryptedCookies = array_merge($this-&gt;unencryptedCookies, $cookies);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Add a cookie will not be encrypted before sending with the request.
     *
     * @param  string  $name
     * @param  string  $value
     * @return $this
     */
    public function withUnencryptedCookie(string $name, string $value)
    {
        $this-&gt;unencryptedCookies[$name] = $value;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Automatically follow any redirects returned from the response.
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function followingRedirects()
    {
        $this-&gt;followRedirects = true;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Include cookies and authorization headers for JSON requests.
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function withCredentials()
    {
        $this-&gt;withCredentials = true;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Disable automatic encryption of cookie values.
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function disableCookieEncryption()
    {
        $this-&gt;encryptCookies = false;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Set the referer header and previous URL session value in order to simulate a previous request.
     *
     * @param  string  $url
     * @return $this
     */
    public function from(string $url)
    {
        $this-&gt;app['session']-&gt;setPreviousUrl($url);

        return $this-&gt;withHeader('referer', $url);
    }

    /**
     * Visit the given URI with a GET request.
     *
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    public function get($uri, array $headers = [])
    {
        $server = $this-&gt;transformHeadersToServerVars($headers);
        $cookies = $this-&gt;prepareCookiesForRequest();

        return $this-&gt;call('GET', $uri, [], $cookies, [], $server);
    }

    /**
     * Visit the given URI with a GET request, expecting a JSON response.
     *
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    public function getJson($uri, array $headers = [])
    {
        return $this-&gt;json('GET', $uri, [], $headers);
    }

    /**
     * Visit the given URI with a POST request.
     *
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @param  array  $data
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    public function post($uri, array $data = [], array $headers = [])
    {
        $server = $this-&gt;transformHeadersToServerVars($headers);
        $cookies = $this-&gt;prepareCookiesForRequest();

        return $this-&gt;call('POST', $uri, $data, $cookies, [], $server);
    }

    /**
     * Visit the given URI with a POST request, expecting a JSON response.
     *
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @param  array  $data
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    public function postJson($uri, array $data = [], array $headers = [])
    {
        return $this-&gt;json('POST', $uri, $data, $headers);
    }

    /**
     * Visit the given URI with a PUT request.
     *
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @param  array  $data
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    public function put($uri, array $data = [], array $headers = [])
    {
        $server = $this-&gt;transformHeadersToServerVars($headers);
        $cookies = $this-&gt;prepareCookiesForRequest();

        return $this-&gt;call('PUT', $uri, $data, $cookies, [], $server);
    }

    /**
     * Visit the given URI with a PUT request, expecting a JSON response.
     *
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @param  array  $data
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    public function putJson($uri, array $data = [], array $headers = [])
    {
        return $this-&gt;json('PUT', $uri, $data, $headers);
    }

    /**
     * Visit the given URI with a PATCH request.
     *
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @param  array  $data
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    public function patch($uri, array $data = [], array $headers = [])
    {
        $server = $this-&gt;transformHeadersToServerVars($headers);
        $cookies = $this-&gt;prepareCookiesForRequest();

        return $this-&gt;call('PATCH', $uri, $data, $cookies, [], $server);
    }

    /**
     * Visit the given URI with a PATCH request, expecting a JSON response.
     *
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @param  array  $data
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    public function patchJson($uri, array $data = [], array $headers = [])
    {
        return $this-&gt;json('PATCH', $uri, $data, $headers);
    }

    /**
     * Visit the given URI with a DELETE request.
     *
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @param  array  $data
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    public function delete($uri, array $data = [], array $headers = [])
    {
        $server = $this-&gt;transformHeadersToServerVars($headers);
        $cookies = $this-&gt;prepareCookiesForRequest();

        return $this-&gt;call('DELETE', $uri, $data, $cookies, [], $server);
    }

    /**
     * Visit the given URI with a DELETE request, expecting a JSON response.
     *
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @param  array  $data
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    public function deleteJson($uri, array $data = [], array $headers = [])
    {
        return $this-&gt;json('DELETE', $uri, $data, $headers);
    }

    /**
     * Visit the given URI with an OPTIONS request.
     *
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @param  array  $data
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    public function options($uri, array $data = [], array $headers = [])
    {
        $server = $this-&gt;transformHeadersToServerVars($headers);
        $cookies = $this-&gt;prepareCookiesForRequest();

        return $this-&gt;call('OPTIONS', $uri, $data, $cookies, [], $server);
    }

    /**
     * Visit the given URI with an OPTIONS request, expecting a JSON response.
     *
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @param  array  $data
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    public function optionsJson($uri, array $data = [], array $headers = [])
    {
        return $this-&gt;json('OPTIONS', $uri, $data, $headers);
    }

    /**
     * Call the given URI with a JSON request.
     *
     * @param  string  $method
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @param  array  $data
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    public function json($method, $uri, array $data = [], array $headers = [])
    {
        $files = $this-&gt;extractFilesFromDataArray($data);

        $content = json_encode($data);

        $headers = array_merge([
            'CONTENT_LENGTH' =&gt; mb_strlen($content, '8bit'),
            'CONTENT_TYPE' =&gt; 'application/json',
            'Accept' =&gt; 'application/json',
        ], $headers);

        return $this-&gt;call(
            $method,
            $uri,
            [],
            $this-&gt;prepareCookiesForJsonRequest(),
            $files,
            $this-&gt;transformHeadersToServerVars($headers),
            $content
        );
    }

    /**
     * Call the given URI and return the Response.
     *
     * @param  string  $method
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @param  array  $parameters
     * @param  array  $cookies
     * @param  array  $files
     * @param  array  $server
     * @param  string|null  $content
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    public function call($method, $uri, $parameters = [], $cookies = [], $files = [], $server = [], $content = null)
    {
        $kernel = $this-&gt;app-&gt;make(HttpKernel::class);

        $files = array_merge($files, $this-&gt;extractFilesFromDataArray($parameters));

        $symfonyRequest = SymfonyRequest::create(
            $this-&gt;prepareUrlForRequest($uri), $method, $parameters,
            $cookies, $files, array_replace($this-&gt;serverVariables, $server), $content
        );

        $response = $kernel-&gt;handle(
            $request = Request::createFromBase($symfonyRequest)
        );

        $kernel-&gt;terminate($request, $response);

        if ($this-&gt;followRedirects) {
            $response = $this-&gt;followRedirects($response);
        }

        return $this-&gt;createTestResponse($response);
    }

    /**
     * Turn the given URI into a fully qualified URL.
     *
     * @param  string  $uri
     * @return string
     */
    protected function prepareUrlForRequest($uri)
    {
        if (Str::startsWith($uri, '/')) {
            $uri = substr($uri, 1);
        }

        return trim(url($uri), '/');
    }

    /**
     * Transform headers array to array of $_SERVER vars with HTTP_* format.
     *
     * @param  array  $headers
     * @return array
     */
    protected function transformHeadersToServerVars(array $headers)
    {
        return collect(array_merge($this-&gt;defaultHeaders, $headers))-&gt;mapWithKeys(function ($value, $name) {
            $name = strtr(strtoupper($name), '-', '_');

            return [$this-&gt;formatServerHeaderKey($name) =&gt; $value];
        })-&gt;all();
    }

    /**
     * Format the header name for the server array.
     *
     * @param  string  $name
     * @return string
     */
    protected function formatServerHeaderKey($name)
    {
        if (! Str::startsWith($name, 'HTTP_') &amp;&amp; $name !== 'CONTENT_TYPE' &amp;&amp; $name !== 'REMOTE_ADDR') {
            return 'HTTP_'.$name;
        }

        return $name;
    }

    /**
     * Extract the file uploads from the given data array.
     *
     * @param  array  $data
     * @return array
     */
    protected function extractFilesFromDataArray(&amp;$data)
    {
        $files = [];

        foreach ($data as $key =&gt; $value) {
            if ($value instanceof SymfonyUploadedFile) {
                $files[$key] = $value;

                unset($data[$key]);
            }

            if (is_array($value)) {
                $files[$key] = $this-&gt;extractFilesFromDataArray($value);

                $data[$key] = $value;
            }
        }

        return $files;
    }

    /**
     * If enabled, encrypt cookie values for request.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    protected function prepareCookiesForRequest()
    {
        if (! $this-&gt;encryptCookies) {
            return array_merge($this-&gt;defaultCookies, $this-&gt;unencryptedCookies);
        }

        return collect($this-&gt;defaultCookies)-&gt;map(function ($value, $key) {
            return encrypt(CookieValuePrefix::create($key, app('encrypter')-&gt;getKey()).$value, false);
        })-&gt;merge($this-&gt;unencryptedCookies)-&gt;all();
    }

    /**
     * If enabled, add cookies for JSON requests.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    protected function prepareCookiesForJsonRequest()
    {
        return $this-&gt;withCredentials ? $this-&gt;prepareCookiesForRequest() : [];
    }

    /**
     * Follow a redirect chain until a non-redirect is received.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Response  $response
     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response|\Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    protected function followRedirects($response)
    {
        $this-&gt;followRedirects = false;

        while ($response-&gt;isRedirect()) {
            $response = $this-&gt;get($response-&gt;headers-&gt;get('Location'));
        }

        return $response;
    }

    /**
     * Create the test response instance from the given response.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Response  $response
     * @return \Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
     */
    protected function createTestResponse($response)
    {
        return tap(TestResponse::fromBaseResponse($response), function ($response) {
            $response-&gt;withExceptions(
                $this-&gt;app-&gt;bound(LoggedExceptionCollection::class)
                    ? $this-&gt;app-&gt;make(LoggedExceptionCollection::class)
                    : new LoggedExceptionCollection
            );
        });
    }
}
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